Understanding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Quick Guide for Parents

• What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
  • ADHD is a condition where children find it hard to focus, sit still, or control impulsive behaviour. Some children mainly struggle with in-attention, some are mostly hyperactive, and others have both.
  • ADHD is called a neurodevelopmental disorder, which means it starts in childhood and is related to how the brain develops and works.
  • This condition is diagnosed based on the criteria described in medical guidelines like the DSM-5 or ICD-11 (diagnostic manual used by professionals to diagnose different neurodevelopmental and mental health disorders).
  • One important point is that SLD is diagnosed only when the child shows several of the ADHD symptoms in two or more places (like home and school) for at least 6 months.

• How Common is ADHD?
  • ADHD affects about 2% to 14% of children in India.
  • It is more common in boys, with a ratio of 2 to 9 boys for every girl.

• What Causes ADHD?
  ADHD is mostly genetic, meaning it often runs in families.

• • Genetic influence is around 75%, which means children with a parent or sibling who has ADHD are more likely to have it.
  • Other factors that may contribute include environmental influences (like exposure to smoking during pregnancy or low birth weight) and psychosocial factors.

• Common Signs or Red Flags: What Parents Should Watch For?

1. • Inattention (easily distracted)

• • • Has trouble staying focused on tasks
    • Frequently forgets things or loses items
    • Avoids tasks that require long attention (like homework)
    • Makes careless mistakes
    • Seems not to listen even when spoken to directly
    • Struggles with organizing tasks or time

1. • Hyperactivity and Impulsivity (overactive or acts without thinking)

• • • Constantly fidgeting or squirming
    • Runs or climbs in inappropriate situations
    • Talks too much or blurts out answers
    • Can’t wait their turn
    • Interrupts others frequently
    • Always “on the go,” like driven by a motor

These behaviours must be present in more than one setting (like both home and school) and affect the child’s ability to learn or socialize.

• Other Conditions That May Occur Alongside ADHD:
  Some children with ADHD may also show signs of:

• • Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) – frequent arguments or defiance
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) – social and communication difficulties
  • Learning disorders – difficulty in reading, writing, or math
  • Depression or anxiety

• How is ADHD Diagnosed?
  There’s no single test for ADHD. Diagnosis is made through:

• • Detailed interviews with parents and caretakers or teachers
  • Standardized neuro-psychological assessment tools such as:
    • Conners’ Scale
    • Vanderbilt Scale
    • ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS)
  • Direct observation of the child’s behaviour over time

• How is ADHD Treated?
  Treatment usually combines pharmacological (medicine) and psychological or behavioural treatment:

1. • Medicines

• • • Stimulants like methylphenidate (help improve attention and control impulses)
    • Non-stimulants like atomoxetine (used when stimulants are not suitable)
    • Other options include alpha-2 agonists like clonidine (help reduce hyperactivity)

1. • Non-Pharmacological Options

• • • Behavioural therapies – help children manage emotions and behaviour
    • Parent training – teaches strategies to manage challenges at home
    • Attention-building activities – like puzzles, memory games, and structured routines

• Prognosis: What Happens as the Child Grows?
  • ADHD may continue into teenage years and adulthood (in about 50% children), where it often appears as Attention Deficit Disorder or ADD (with less hyperactivity).
  • The good news is that with early diagnosis and consistent support, most children with ADHD can lead successful, independent lives.

• Final Message to Parents:
  • If your child is very active, struggles to focus, or seems impulsive most of the time, don’t blame yourself OR your child. These may be signs of ADHD, and help is available.
  • Talk to a child psychologist, psychiatrist, or paediatrician. With the right guidance and care, your child can thrive at home, school, and beyond.